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On September, 29th, 1953, in increasing stress level between the USA[ru] and Soviet Union, the Central Committee of the CPSU and Ministerial council of the USSR[ru] have made the solution on necessity of preparation of armed forces and all country[ru] to acts in special conditions of conducting possible nuclear war.
The Ministry of Defence of the USSR (at that time the Ministry of Armed forces – a comment of the author) has initiated: for working off of the got theoretical knowledge in practice – to spend combined operations teaching on a theme: "Breakthrough of the prepared tactical defence of the opponent with application of the nuclear weapon".
Having met with of approval, marshals and generals were puzzled with sampling of a place of forthcoming manoeuvres. In the spring of 1954 reconnoitring the group, under a management lieutenant general Glebov, having spent an estimation of Totsky range, recognised as its suitable "on conditions of maintenance of safety for teaching conducting". Besides, the local landscape was strongly similar on West European – a landform of territory of our probable opponent of those years. But at that time have not reflected, that place sampling was erroneous, criminal! Because area between Volga and Urals Mountains – one of the most densely populated regions of Russia.
The circuit design of conducting of teaching of a nuclear explosion on September, 29th 1953:
In Totsky regiments and divisions of all combat arms and from the different ends of the country were pulled together. Preparation for manoeuvres under the code name "Snowball" proceeded the whole summer. All this time various tactical teachings were continuously spent. Military command achieved, that acts of troops have been finished to automatism. Conditions in Totsky camps were severe – strongly exhausting heat plus a rigid regime of service. For these months soldiers and officers have outweared on three pairs military regimentals.
On the eve of manoeuvres on range the higher military leaders began to arrive: marshals of Soviet Union Aleksandr Vasilevskij, Konstantin Rokossovsky, Ivan Konev, Rodion Malinovskij and others. Military delegations from the socialist countries have been invited also. All of them took places in so-called governmental small town in advance builted around camp.
Importance of forthcoming teaching was underlined by presence on it of Nikita Khruschev, Nikolaj Bulganin, Igor Kurchatova and other statesmen and scientists. Before the beginning of manoeuvres Nikita Khruschev and accompanying his faces went on a first line and represented to soldiers participating in teaching, sergeants and officers of academician Kurchatova which told about forthcoming atomic explosion and secured a complete safety.
The father of the Soviet nuclear weapon was the friend of then Minister of Defence Bulganina. On one of meetings of the senior officers, staying in good mood, Bulganin has decided to joke. Taking for beard Kurchatov, he, having addressed to officers, has told: "Here this beard has presented to us an atomic bomb!". And, having pulled about the scanty beard, smiling, has continued: "To me with mine behind it not to keep up".
The head of teaching the marshal of Soviet Union George Zhukov, by the chief of a staff - general Petrov, and its substituent - lieutenant general Glebs has been appointed.
The territory near to nuclear explosion epicentre has been stuffed by various technics. Airplanes, tanks, armored troop-carriers, artillery pieces, cars, autobuss, motorcycles and even velocipedes, and also specially erected and similar to the inhabited and industrial factories of the dwelling and a building were subject to tests. Tied up to columns through each five hundred metres animals: horses, cows, dogs and cats waited the death[ru]. In blindages, having become stupid for hunger and fear, sheep bleated. They and the rats locked in cages should take up the first wave of a nuclear explosion. However, the role of main "guinea pigs" has fallen to a lot of people …
In teaching have shared 45 thousand military men (39 thousand soldiers, sergeants and foremen and 6 thousand officers). For conducting of manoeuvres it has been involved 600 tanks and samohodno-artillery installations, 500 tools and mortars, 320 airplanes and 6 thousand truck tractors and cars[ru] of various mission. In initial regions of disposing of troops was scattered more than 380 kilometres of tranches, it is builted over 500 blindages and other shelters.
In the capacity of the carrying agent airplane Tu-4 which crew had experience of real bombing of an atomic bomb on Semipalatinsk range was used.
Bomber TU-4:
For protection against radiation to soldiers and officers have given out only on two pairs the new linen, the regimentals impregnated by a special solution, a groundsheet and a gas-mask.
Inhabitants of three neighbouring villages: Elshanki, Ol'hovki and Mahovki, 5-6,5 km had on distance from explosion epicentre, have taken out for limits of a dangerous zone and have temporarily settled in tent small towns. It is literally in some hours after the teaching termination, “the civil contingent” has returned to native Penates.
… And here, there has stepped a time X. In the morning on September, 14th, 1954 the lingering howl of a siren has informed on necessity to prepare. People have taken places in entrenchments, on distance from four and a half to eighteen kilometres from epicentre, and technics have covered in caponiers.
The sky in that morning was pure, without a uniform cloudlet, is shrill blue and very peace. There were three airplanes - one big in the centre and two less on each side. In the binocular was well visible four-motor Ту-4, which else during Second world[ru] under Joseph Stalin's personal direction one has been copied to one from the American airplane "bomber" Б-29.
The American airplane "bomber" Б-29:
At 09 o'clock 34 minutes the plutonium atomic bomb power of 40 kilotons (in 2 times it is more than that, that in August, 1945 Americans have blown up over the Japanese city of Hiroshima), has been dumped from bomber Ту-4 flying at altitude of 8 thousand of metres and undermined in air at altitude of 350 metres.
Atomic bomb:
After explosion of an atomic bomb people were literally forced in land, being afraid even to lift a head. Any sound did not hear, but from three powerful pushes has literally begun to shake, the land came shake, from parapets of entrenchments sand fell down. Explosion was accompanied by the dazzling flash which has lighted up locality brightly-this world.
The huge fungus with a spherical hat overlowed all colours of a rainbow. In this fiery squall airplanes of 667th regiment of fighters-bombers have rushed and have started to dump in epicentre usual bombs. In the same time on land huge weights of troops have come to traffic. The artillery has opened storm fire. Tanks and armored troop-carriers have advanced to the attack, and it is difficult even to present, how many radioactive dust tons have risen over epicentre. Infantrymen in gas-masks ran to the purpose set by commanders. From a belly of explosion the stepping were reached by the rests of airplanes, armored troop-carriers and tools. The tanks which have flied up upwards, dropping, were stuck by trunks in land. All has been shrouded by a smoke. The grass and trees burnt. Sand has fused, having turned in homogeneous glassy weight. Mighty secular oaks grew in four hundred metres from explosion epicentre. The shock wave has transformed them into a dust…
Nuclear explosion on Totsky range:
Upon termination of teachings of all participants have built in a chain and began to muster a dosimeter on the gained radioactive contamination. At many the radiation dose has made six thousand disintegrations. At whom read off scale for nine thousand disintegrations, at once sent in a medical sanitary battalion. Then all have passed through per capita. To it also were restricted. Individual observation and treatment was not spent. Instead marshals and atomic scientists, trying to outride each other, have confidently reported to the Soviet government on successfully spent tests. By the way, the native land has not forgotten the commanders and scientists, having awarded with their awards and having appropriated high scientific degrees. After all the overall objective of Totsky manoeuvres - political has been attained.
Khruschev and its environment have shown to America, that the USSR too not a bast embroidered. "We will show to America Kuz'kinu mother!:
(The TASS message. The newspaper "Truth", on September, 17th, 1954.)
"According to the plot of research and experimental works last days in Soviet Union test of one of aspects of the atomic weapon has been conducted. Studying of act of atomic explosion was the test purpose. At test valuable results which will help the Soviet scientists are gained and to engineers successfully to solve problems on protection against an atomic attack".
Military men strictly protected the secrets. All participants of those events have obliged to give a subscription about nondisclosure of the state and military secret for a period of the whole twenty five years. Even the most close and native people had no right to know all truth. And in the meantime, the play with the atomic weapon poured out in human tragedies. Premature death, physical inability, pin down to bed because of sicknesses[ru] – such is a sad summary of Totsky manoeuvres.
Shared in that brutal experiment every year becomes ever less. There are data that half a century in live of them remains later about two thousand persons …
For the sake of the secret conservation, to all participants of nuclear tests false records in employment sheet deeds that in September, 1954 they were in the Polar region, in the Far East or in Central Asia have been made. Aftereffects of this conspiracy were the most pitiable.
The demobilised soldier in the native village was refunded, for example, and in a year-two its unknown sickness overcame. Than the agricultural doctor[ru] could help, if soldier have prohibited even to hint at the illness reasons? And if hinted, anybody did not trust it, for in deeds at the soldier - absolutely another is written down, by matching printings and signatures is authenticated. Therefore participants of those teachings died out silently, silently and sweepingly …
In mass reprisals at Stalin the formula has been injected: "Ten years without the correspondence right". The person annihilated, and to relatives informed: sits. If in ten years about it recollected, on inquiries the answer followed: has died in the conclusion of a runny nose. And from put nonexistent date of death.
"25 years of nondisclosure" and "10 years without the correspondence right" - one of our kind. The Soviet management has counted precisely: let in 25 years complain... Who it will believe, after all in deeds their participation all the same is not fixed? And if liquidators of crash on the Chernobyl atomic power station first did not supply with matching inquiries because of oversight, haste and sloppiness to participants of test of the nuclear weapon on Totsky range have simply chargeed to be silent on pain of bringing to criminal liability.
The development engineer of an atomic bomb academician Igor Kurchatov (at the left) during walk by the steam-ship:
When have allowed to speak about all from these unfortunate the inquiry have demanded. But whence they them take, even if in Podolsk and other archives necessary deeds are absent. Whether they are annihilated, whether not made in general. It is terrible to present how many people prematurely cunningly on a next world only because even to the doctor the person could not open, paternal at it actually this sickness!...
Near Totsky range and to this day the bent trees and huge funguses-mutants grow, and physicians and ecologists are anxious by the raised level of oncological diseases in the regions which have suffered from atomic explosion.
Till now the information on harm of tests and their aftereffects remains secret. In the early nineties experiment data have declassified, but only partially. By data "the Ekologo-genetic analysis of the remote aftereffects of the Totsky nuclear explosion", the Orenburg spent by scientists, Ekaterinburg and St.-Petersburg, in different extent inhabitants of seven regions of Orenburzhye have undergone to a radiation-damage.
According to researches, for last decades in this region progressive growth of oncological diseases is observed. Among local population the increase in number of congenital uglinesses is noted. Last scientists explain genetic changes in the third generation "eyewitnesses of explosion". (Michael Pavlov)
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